Buying fashion apparel (fashion merchandising) Essay

Buying fashion apparel (fashion merchandising) - Essay Example , and constrictive clothes and accessories that were characteristic of the fashion that existed in the nineteenth century (Sterlacci and Arbuckle 41). Various fashion models and celebrities from all over the world have personified the products from this fashion house. The House of Chanel is synonymous with the little black dress and the suit along with a perfume that has recorded a lot of success (Willett 86). The company’s utilization of jersey fabrics created comfortable garments which were affordable for the target market. The company transformed the fashion industry including the high fashion and everyday fashion through switching the structured silhouettes that were based on the corset with clothing that was functional while maintaining flattery of the figure of a woman. During the 1920s, the simple designs associated with Chanel popularized the flat chested fashions that were dissimilar from the hour-glass figure which had been popularised in the late nineteenth century (Willett 86). The company utilized manly hues like grey and navy blue to demonstrate fashion boldness of personality. The clothes associated with the company included quilted fabric as well as leather trimmings where this quilted construction is meant to reinforce the fabric, design, finish to create a cloth that maintains its form, and function when it has been worn. A case in point of such a garment is the woollen Chanel suit that entails a skirt and cardigan styled suit which is knee-length, cropped with black embroidery decorations and golden buttons. The accessories that complement this garment were two-tone pump shoes together with jewellery, typically pearl necklaces and a handbag made from leather material. Brand positioning starts with clearly understanding of the customers being targeted and describe them in terms of the prevailing usage patterns, demographic attributes as well as general objectives. Insight in the objectives of the target population is particularly critical as

Nascot and Park Essay Example for Free

Nascot and Park Essay How do the land use, housing and environmental quality in Tudor, Callowland, Nascot and Park wards of Watford affect the relative desirability of the wards? I will now discuss primary data regarding the four wards, and not to include any secondary data, including census data or researched data from the Internet. A colour coded map will provide an easy visual report of the distribution and separation of various housing types, as well a where forests and parks are laid out, and link that to the environmental quality of each of the four wards. I will discus each ward separately and then conclude it in a final paragraph at the end of this section. The concluding paragraph will contain graphs and charts to help enhance the comparisons. Of course when discussing the desirability of somewhere, you have to take into account who it is for. For example, a student would not live in a 5 bedroom detached house. PARK WARD This was the first ward visited and due to the fact that this was the first time I had visited these wards, this ward has left an indentation in my mind of my first impression of Watford. We commenced north up Hempstead road and took a left into Stratford way, where our fieldwork began. Small detached housing covered this area. The field sketch below shows you how close the houses boundaries are, as well as the style and age of the houses. When we were at the junction of Stratford Way and Parkside Drive, the first environmental quality survey was taken. The results have been tabulated within the comparison and concluding paragraph at the end of this section. We then took a right, and headed up Parkside Drive, taking into account that we were on the boundary of detached housing and the Cassiobury Park. As we continued up Parkside Drive, we were confronted with semi-detached housing immediately after Richmond Drive on the right hand side. Semi-Detached housing could now be seen on either side of the road. We were due to take the next turning on the right which led us into Langley Way. On the junction of Langley Way and Parkside Drive, the second environmental quality survey was taken. As we turned up into Langley Way, we noticed semi-detached housing on either side of the road until Richmond road on the right, and until Bellmount Wood Avenue on the left. The stream of detached housing continued from there onwards. We carried on up Langley Way, until we met a roundabout which split Langley Way and Cassiobury Drive. Our first sighting of local shops were seen on the opposite side of the roundabout, this is coloured in RED on the colour-coded map. Besides these few shops and a pub on the left hand side, detached housing was all around us. We contined up Langley Way until Devereux Drive was seen at a 90 angle to Langley Way. We proceeded left and were still surrounded by detached housing. At the top of Devereux Drive, we could see that the further up we went, the more trees and greenery were to be seen behind the houses, and at the top of the road, we took a footpath left which led us into Rough Wood. We followed the footpath round until we came into Glen Way, which was where we came across our first sightings of terraced houses. The third and final environmental quality survey for this ward was taken here. We followed Glen Way round to the right and hit the main road called Hempstead Road where we crossed onto the other side and took a left until we came across Rosecroft Drive on the right hand side. Where we left Glen Way and entered Hempstead Road, was the border between the two wards, Park and Nascot. So in summary, Park ward contains small detached houses in a calm atmosphere and well kept away from the busy Hempstead Road. Even though Cassiobury Drive, Parkside Drive and Woodland Drive are the three main roads of Park ward, they do not encounter problems of traffic which leaves Park ward as a calm and family-friendly area. The large park within the ward will indefinitely contribute to the property prices as property prices are strongly based on location, location, location, and due to the fact that they are detached, this leaves a good image in my mind of my first impression of Watford. Nascot Ward As we commenced our journey down Hempstead Road and into Rosecroft Drive, we noticed that although Hempstead Road is very busy, the houses within Rosecroft Drive and the surrounding road were fairly large detached houses. At the junction of The Ridgeway, and Rosecroft Drive, the first environmental quality survey of this ward was taken, which received high marks when taking into account its location next to an extremely busy road. We then took a right down The Ridgeway, and noticed how the houses were in good keep and fairly big. The road we were in (The Ridgeway) was fairly quiet and in good condition due to the fact that off road/private parking was available. The field sketch below, shows a typical house within Nascot ward.

Community And Social Structure :: essays research papers fc

Community and Social Structure AssignmentIII The idea of people being social in nature can be clearly illustrated by the groups, or communities that one sees all around them. Groups of individuals share a common perspective of what reality consists of, this is known as culture(Charon, 1997). This reality is perceived through our interactions with others in the group and by what our position is within that group(Charon, 1997). The way in which we see the world is in a sense limited by both our position and our interactions. In order to actually fill your position in the group you need to have a working set of ideas and concepts to get the job done(Charon, 1997). This working set of ideas is actually formed by the interactions that you have with other people who have the same position as you. It works for everyone else, and therefore you can t just randomly choose another set of concepts and ideas andexpect them to work, so you choose the ideas, concepts, and means that your peers use(Charon, 1997). For instance, if you are a Chemist, you obtain knowledge and perspectives consistent of your environment, i.e. chemistry, you would not learn a great deal about molecular biology because those concepts and ideas are not useful to you. We don t have a complete picture of everything around usbecause we perceive only the things which fit into our social structure(Charon, 1997). Reality is not a Velcro Nerf dart toss of facts and ideas, but rather a magnetic selection of those facts and ideas which are conducive to our pre-constructed structure. To one man power and riches are the greatest thing to achieve, but to a bum The oiliest thing is to have a warm placeto sleep (Coleman,1982:207). It s unfortunate that these conceptscan be utilized by a dictator to gain control and power for his own ideas and concepts. Hitler was just such a man, he used a social construct known as patriotism, that is, sense of pride and connection with everyone within a society. Hitler rallied people by the droves claiming eco nomic bloom, and prosperity for all if they submit to the organization, and promised death to any that were not within that organization. He kept them thinking the same thoughts, holding the same beliefs, and striving towards a common cause, and six million Jewish people gave their lives up for not being part of his concept of community.

Credit Rating of Uttara Bank Limited Essay

1.1. Rationale of the Report In today’s world, banking sector has become an integral part of overall economy around the world. Millions of people are involved in banking sector. In Bangladesh, banking sector has experienced enormous growth over the past few decades. Millions of depositors, borrowers and other related parties have interest in this sector. Creditworthiness of banks is rated by CRAB and CRISL in Bangladesh. The idea behind our report on â€Å"Credit Rating Report on Uttara Bank Limited (UBL)† is to give credit rating of UBL by considering both qualitative and quantitative factors with judgement. 1.2 Origin of the Report This report has been prepared as a requirement for completion of MBA program under University of Dhaka. We have prepared the report under course F-504(Fixed Income Securities) with directions and valuable guidelines from our honorable course teacher Muhammad Mujibul Kabir, Associate Professor, Department Of Finance, University Of Dhaka. 3. Objectives of the Report Broad Objective: To do credit rating of Uttara Bank Limited (UBL) by considering important qualitative and quantitative information along with application of proper judgment. Specific Objectives: The objectives of the report are- âž ¢ To have an overall picture regarding the credit rating procedure of banking sector. âž ¢ To be informed with the trend and performance of the bank. âž ¢ To get an idea of factors affecting credit rating score of UBL. 4. Scope of the Report This report has been prepared to do credit rating of a particular bank (UBL) as assigned by our course teacher. 5. Methodology 1.5.1 Data Collection: The report is primarily based on secondary and published information. The major sources of information are published research reports and papers, DSE library, newspapers, data from annual report of UBL and peer banks, rating methodology of S&P etc. 1.5.2 Techniques of Data Analysis Both qualitative and quantitative statistical techniques were used for this research. †¢ Qualitative tools: bar graphs and trend line were used to present the collected data. †¢ Software used: Microsoft Excel 2007, Microsoft word 2007, stata software version 10. 6. Limitations In preparing the report, the main limitations that we faced were- †¢ Reliance on secondary data, mainly annual reports of banks. Sometimes, published data suffer from accounting manipulation. †¢ We had to prepare the credit rating report within a short time frame. Taking more time would have made the report more comprehensive. SECTION-II: THEORETICAL DISCUSSION ON CREDIT RATING 2.1. Why Credit Rating Is Necessary A credit rating evaluates the credit worthiness of a debtor, especially a business (company) or a government. It is an evaluation made by a credit rating agency of the debtor’s ability to pay back the debt and the likelihood of default. Credit ratings are determined by credit ratings agencies. The credit rating represents the credit rating agency’s evaluation of qualitative and quantitative information for a company. The credit rating is used by individuals and entities that purchase the bonds issued by companies and governments to determine the likelihood that the government will pay its bond obligations. A poor credit rating indicates a credit rating agency’s opinion that the company or government has a high risk of defaulting, based on the agency’s analysis of the entity’s history and analysis of long term economic prospects. 2.1. Corporate Credit Ratings The credit rating of a corporation is a financial indicator to potential investors of debt securities such as bonds. Credit rating is usually of a financial instrument such as a bond, rather than the whole corporation. There are two types of corporate credit rating: 1. entity rating 2. issue rating In Bangladesh, credit rating agencies conduct entity rating. However, issue rating may be different from or similar to or better than entity rating. Issue rating may be higher than entity rating if a particular issue is backed by sufficient collateral, third party guarantee. 2.3. Rating Methodology For the credit rating of the selected companies we have considered the guidelines provided by our course teacher. Credit rating is â€Å"an objective and impartial opinion on the ability and willingness of an issuer to make full and timely payments of financial obligations.† This opinion is conveyed in a simple alphanumerical scale, for easy reference and comparability. We have analyzed both the qualitative and the quantitative factors of the banking industry as a whole and also various factors of the companies itself. In the part of qualitative analysis we have analyze the industry risk, keys to success, diversification factors, firm size, management quality, quality of the financial reporting, performance in the industry. In the quantitative analysis we consider the profitability, cash flow adequacy, capital structure and financial flexibility. We have assigned some points on both the qualitative and quantitative information to get the exact rating. As for the sustainability of an organization both the quality of the management and quantitative figure that means company’s financial performances are equally important. We have assigned more weight for qualitative part than quantitative part. 2.4. Company Background Uttara Bank is one of the largest and oldest private-sector commercial banks in Bangladesh, with years of experience. Adaptation of modern technology both in terms of equipment and banking practice ensures efficient service to clients. 215 branches at home and 600 affiliates worldwide create efficient networking and reach capability. Uttara is a bank that serves both clients and country. The Bank had been a nationalized bank in the name of Uttara Bank under the Bangladesh Bank (Nationalization) order 1972, formerly known as the Eastern Banking Corporation Limited which started functioning on and from 28.01.1965. Consequent upon the amendment of Bangladesh Bank (Nationalization) order 1972, the Uttara Bank was converted into Uttara Bank Limited as a public limited company in the year 1983. The Uttara Bank Limited was incorporated as a banking company on 29.06.1983 and obtained business commencement certificate on 21.08.1983. The Bank floated its shares in the year 1984. It has 215 branches all over Bangladesh through which it carries out all its banking activities. The Bank is listed in the Dhaka Stock Exchange and Chittagong Stock Exchange Ltd. as a listed company for trading of its shares. At present, the authorized capital of the bank was Tk 5000 million divided into 500 million shares of Tk 10 each. The issued and paid up capital is Tk 3306 million. Since beginning, the bank acquired confidence and trust of the public and business houses by rendering high quality services in different areas of banking operations, professional competence and employment of the state of art technology. During the last 47 years, UTTARA Bank Limited has opened 215 Branches in different Business Centers of the country SECTION-III: QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS Qualitative analysis A. Industry Risk In preparing credit rating report, industry analysis is a subject of great importance. Level of competition in the industry affect the profitability of a company. Different industries react differently to economic changes. Cyclical industries do much better than the aggregate economy during the expansion whereas they suffer more during contraction. In contrast, non-cyclical industries such as banking industry would experience a significant decline during a recession and also would do better during an economic expansion. Competitive advantage and disadvantage of banking industry can be examined by Michel Porter’s 5 factors model. The potential threat of new entrants is moderate for banking industry due to following reasons – †¢ Growth of the industry is very high which is creating field for the new company that is observed during the past several years. †¢ Huge population of the country provides a large customer base. †¢ Entry into the banking sector requires huge equity capital investment for establishing branches and related infrastructures. †¢ Established companies have absolute cost advantage relative to potential entrants. †¢ There exists Government regulation to enter into the industry. The level of profitability is primarily influenced by the nature of rivalry among firms within the industry. Several factors determine the intensity of competition among existing players in an industry. The rivalry among existing competitors is high for banking industry due to following reasons – †¢ Price and non-price Competition among banks has increased recent years. †¢ High fixed costs. †¢ Exit barriers are high as the firm can’t exit as they wish and there is regulatory burden. †¢ Banks are trying to grab market share by offering various price and non-price products †¢ Banking products are not differentiated and easy to copy by other banks. The third dimension of competition in an industry is the threat of substitute products or services. The threat of substitute product in banking industry is high for the following reasons: †¢ New Products are easily and quickly adopted by other competing banks. †¢ Non-bank financial institutions (NBFIs) offer many of products and services offered by banks. There are two factors which determine the bargaining power of buyers; price sensitivity and relative bargaining power of buyers. By focusing these two issues, the bargaining power of buyers in banking industry is discussed below – †¢ There are large numbers of banks. †¢ Banks depend on the buyers for a large percentage of its total revenue. †¢ Customer switching cost is low. †¢ Inability to backward integration. †¢ Buyers are highly price sensitive. The bargaining power of suppliers is high for banking industry due to following reasons †¢ Banks depend on loan and deposits as their primary products. †¢ There are a large number of banks already operating in the country. Assigned Rating: |Rating |Rating Score | |Industry Risk |7.5 | B. Key to success Factors ⠝â€" Strategic focus Uttara Bank has prioritized the areas depending upon the business need and regulatory requirements with the change in technologies and delivery process. The Bank rendered special focus on growth and expansion to comply with the changing characteristics of capital market. As a result of this, â€Å"UB Capital and Investment Limited† a fully owned subsidiary company has been formed in 2010 to carry out merchant banking operation in compliance with the regulation of the Securities and Exchange Commission. In the meanwhile the company is operating its activities in related field. Resource mobilization was centered round delivery channels, technology, people and brand. Bank’s operation has achieved the confidence of its customers with sound fundamentals in respect of deposit accumulation, loans and advances, export-import business, remittance collecting from abroad and profitability. The Bank has also put special emphasized on SME financing considering the sector as a tool of diversifying portfolio to minimize risk. Again the bank has also rendering its services in Women Empowerment Development Scheme, Agricultural sector and Rural Financing sector. ⠝â€" Corporate Credit Uttara Bank’s business is focused to a considerable extent on the corporate clients by maintaining a relationship and extending financial assistance based on a deep understanding of the clients’ business environments, financial needs and internal strategies for growth. The bank extends its financial support to the corporate clients either from own finance or by arranging syndicated/club finance. The investment in corporate sector is the combination of a mixed and balanced allocation in various natures of business based on the socio-economic perspectives and long term planning. The bank distributed Tk. 2774.1 million as funded and non-funded facilities in Syndication Finance. The outstanding balance of same was as on 31.12.2011 was Tk. 1596.2 million. The Bank participated in syndication finance with 21 companies. Some of them were BSRM Steels Ltd., Pacific Telecom Bangladesh Tel Ltd.(Citicell), Ranks Tel Ltd., Samuda Chemical Complex Ltd., Banga Building Materials Ltd., Pran Foods Ltd., Capital Board Mills Ltd., Creative Paper Mills Ltd., Everest Power Generation Company Ltd., Appolo Ispat Complex Ltd., PHP Float Glass Ind. Ltd., Dhaka Telephone Co. Ltd. (DTCL), Tele Barta Ltd.(TBL), Orascom Telecom Bangladesh Ltd. (Banglalink), Venture Capital Energy Ltd and many other reputed organization. The Bank worked as a participating financial institution in syndication finance. ⠝â€" Branch Network As on 31 December 2011, Uttara Bank Ltd had 211 branches in different geographical locations of the country. Branches are classified under different zonal office. Out of these 211 branches, 23 branches are under Dhaka Central Zone, 23 branches are under Dhaka North Zone, 20 branches are under Dhaka South Zone, 13 branches are under Narayangonj Zone, 08 branches are under Mymensingh Zone, 17 branches are under Camilla Zone, 19 branches are under Chittagong Zone, 21 branches are under Sylhet Zone, 16 branches are under Khulna Zone, 18 branches are under Barisal Zone, 12 branches are under Rajshahi Zone and 19 branches are under Bogra Zone. ⠝â€" Technology As one of the oldest commercial banks in the country, Uttara Bank uses latest information and communication technology. The extensive use of ICT in banking operations is increasingly a matter of concern about the risk associated with information technology. The bank has formulated well defined ICT policy in line with the international best practices and prudential guidelines of Bangladesh Bank on ICT Security. In all branches of the bank, banking operations are conducted through computerized system to minimize cost and to optimize benefits and increase overall efficiency for improved services. The branches have ability to prepare the financial statements at the end of the day. Bank has a guideline named â€Å"Guideline on information and Communication Technology (ICT)† as per Bangladesh Bank BRPD circular 14 dated 23.10.05. The bank has signed an agreement with LEADS Corporation limited, Software Company, for implementation of Core Banking Solution â€Å"Bank Ultimas† in the Bank. The Bank continues maintenance of the latest financial service products REUTERS-3000 Xtra and REUTERS Dealing System (RDS) for collecting accurate information of rapid changing position of international money market with Bank’s own independent Dealing Room. As a result the Bank has been able to render Treasury service up to the international standard through its Treasury Division which is equipped with most modern technology and expertise manpower. At present International Division of Head Office and 38 branches are under SWIFT operation. As a result the bank has been able to conduct international trade including transmission of letter of credit, fund and message instantly throughout the world at low cost. ⠝â€" Human Resource The Bank has always recognizes the contributions of its human resources as they individually and collectively render their force to the achievement of the objectives of the organization. Human Resources Division of UBL worked with the business as the core strategic partner through performing the job of recruitment, training, placement, and through introduction of the performance management tools. UBL is an employer of equal opportunity irrespective of gender equality. The total manpower of the Bank as on 31 December, 2011 is 3,780 out of which 2,687 are officers and 1,093 are the supporting staffs. Efforts have been made to rationalize the use of manpower by improving their efficiency and productivity. The Bank’s own Training Institute is nicely decorated and equipped with the sophisticated instruments has been striving to bring about a qualitative change and improvement in human resources of the Bank by imparting continuous different raining throughout the whole year. Guest speakers specialized in Banking participate in each of the training program excluding highly educated faculty members of the bank. Besides, a number of executives and officers were sent to various Training Institutions including BIBM and abroad for higher training. In 2011, the training institute of the bank arranged 17 different training courses and 13 workshops for the officers and members of the staff of the Bank in which as many as 628 and 845 officers and members of the staff of the bank participated respectively. At the same time, 92 officers and members of the staff of the bank attended training courses arranged by BIBM, 44 officers received training from Bangladesh Bank, 22 officers received others and 2 executive received training from abroad.

Fan, Ying : Branding the Nation: What Is Being Branded?

Fan, Ying : Branding the nation: What is being branded? Journal of Vacation Marketing Volume 12 Number 1. 2005 p. 4-13 Abstract: The paper by Fan explains what nation branding is. So first the difference between Nation branding and Nation brand is explained. Every Nation has a certain image with or without Nation branding. It examines the concept of nation branding, focusing especially on the question of what is being branded. The paper tries to explain what nation branding is and tries to explain the differences between on the one hand nation branding and product branding and on the other hand nation branding and product- country image. Furthermore it discusses paradoxical issues of nation branding and tries to give a broader context in which nation branding can be applied. But to find out how nation branding could help economic development in a country , more research is needed. It is hard to say how important the role of nation branding really is. Key Words: ation branding, country branding, country-of-origin effect, product- country image, place marketing The author: The paper is written by Ying Fan a senior lecturer at Brunel Business School, Brunel University in London. Dr Fan has held faculty positions at the universities of Lincoln, Hertfordshire and Durham. His research interests surround branding and marketing communications, and cross-cultural management issues. Topic: Branding the nation: What is being branded? The major topic of the paper is what nation branding is and what the purpose of nation branding is. Research question : What is being branded? Is a nation brand a separate entity, or an element in the product brand? What is the direction of the correlation between countries that have produced strong brands and those that are strong brands themselves ? Method : The research method is a literary analysis Material and Structure of the paper: On the first page of his paper contact informations, informations on the author including a photo of Fan are given. An Abstract sums up the Keywords and gives an overview over the article. All in all the paper of Fan is 9 pages long and is structured in the chapters: Introduction What is Nation Branding? What is being branded? Nation branding and product branding Nation brand image and product-country image Paradoxes The broader context For a further understanding Fan gives 3 Tables: Terms used in the literature ; Examples of nation branding where he gives 5 examples and explains what is being branded and a table on Comparison between nation branding and product branding . In his paper Fan makes indirect citations which are listed in the references. Here the references are ordered by appearance in the text not alphabetically. The paper is easy to read and understand, it gives a good overview of the topic nation branding. The structure is easy to follow. The paper is anonymously refereed. Finding of the article : The author points out that there is no single definition on nation branding but gives a working definition for the paper: ‘Nation branding concerns applying branding and marketing communications techniques to promote a nation’s image. Nation branding can be used in different ways: using the nation’s image to promote sales and exports ; place branding which is part of tourism marketing ; political marketing for example the expression â€Å"axis of evil†; Nation branding in it's true sense like Cool Britannia. The author points out that a nation is not a product in the conventional sense . The Nation itself can hardly be changed, the benefits are purely emotional, the Image is complicated and the ownership is unclear. A nation brand is not centered on any specific product, service or cause that can be promoted directly to the customer. But Nation branding concerns a countries whole image, covering political, economic, historical and cultural dimensions. A Nation has not one but multiple images. What image is retrieved depends on the audience , the context and the time. The author finds out that negative national image does not necessarily affect the purchase of products made by that country, by giving the example of Japan and China. The author tries to find out the direction of the correlation between countries that have produced strong brands and those that are strong brands themselves . Nation branding must be distinctive and help the country to position itself against competitors . A difficulty is that an international audience have a different degree of knowledge of a nation and each country has different cultural values, thus decodes the message differently. Nation branding often try to communicate a single image or message to different audiences in different countries . This renders for the author the message meaningless, but to try to be all things to all people will in the opinion of the author inevitably fail . What is the message a nation wants to send, give up a old but unique image in favor of the new image. This can fail like for example â€Å"Cool Britannia† did. Another difficulty in nation branding is that a national identity is very difficult to define. Furthermore in nation branding, an understanding of the customers’ existing perception of the nation is very important. A certain image is made over time. Another important aspect of nation branding is the internal audience. The author points out that Nation branding is just one part of a marketing strategy which is part of the business strategy and that often nation branding is overestimated even if it is a powerful tool. It is for example not sufficient for the country to promote its image enthusiastically to other nations if the economic basis for the nation brand is not there or the political situation is unstable. The image problem of a region or nation most often results from political and socio-economic troubles which must be solved, nation branding will not solve a country’s problems but only serves as the final touch .

Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (Bsti) Essay Example

Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (Bsti) Essay Example Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (Bsti) Essay Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (Bsti) Essay Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI), the only National Standards body of Bangladesh, is playingan important role in developing and Promoting industrial Standardization. Keeping in view that Standardization, metrology, testing and quality control in the industrial spheres are the basic pre-requisite of the infrastructure necessary for sound economic development of the country, the Government of Bangladesh has established the Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI).The Institutions task is to prepare Standards for all articles, products, methods and services. The Institution can bring any product under BSTI’s Compulsory Certification marking after approval of the Govt. A regulation has already been notified by special Regulatory order named BSTI Regulation 1989 for this purpose. The BSTI marks cannot be used under any circumstances by others without approval in advance from BSTI. Only the standards approved, and passed by the Institution are called Ba ngladesh Standards. About BSTI:The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI) was established by the Government through an Ordinance passed in July 1985. BSTI is headed by a Director General. The primary activities of the Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI) are: standardi- zation of services and products (S); introduction of the international unit system of weights and measures and promotion of metrology services (M); promotion of quality assurance activities; rendering testing facilities for services and products; preparation, promotion and adoption of national standards.The Institution is also empowered with some regulatory measures in these fields. The Institutional budget is fully supported by its own income. The importance of BSTI is being increasingly felt due to the governments cardinal policy to make industries export oriented and to supply the consumers at home and abroad with quality products. The Institution is emerging as a forceful exponent in t he overall development of the country. The introduction of the international unit system (SI Units) and promotion of metrology services are also gaining momentum.ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE BANGLADESH STANDARDS AND TESTING INSTITUTION: The functions of BSTI are conducted through some of its organs. The organs of BSTI are as follows: 1. The BSTI Council .. 2. The sectional Committees .. 3. The Director General and the staff. Following are the organizations, duties and responsibilities of these organs The BSTI Council: The general direction and administration of the affairs and functions of the Institution is vested in a Council,which may exercise all powers and perform all functions, which may exercised or performed by the Institution.BSTI Council, the highest decision making organ of the Institution, consists of the following members: a) The Minister in charge of Ministry of Industries, ex officio, shall also be the chairman of the council. .. b) The Secretary, Ministry of Indus tries, ex officio, shall also be the vice chairman of the council and, .. c) The Director General, ex officio, act as the secretary of the council. .. d) Representative from different Ministries, Business chembers, different scientific organization and Universities.The Council shall in discharging its duties, be guided by such instructions as may be given to it by the Government from time to time. The sectional Committees: ? Chairman ? At least one member from the Institution ? Representatives from relevant Govt. / Autonomous bodies ? Representatives from universities, and ? Representatives from the Chambers of Commerce and Industry. The Director General and staff: BSTI is headed by a Director General who is the principal executive officer of the Institution and is responsible for the proper administration of the Institution.The Director General is appointed by the Government on such terms and conditions as it may determine. Various wings of BSTI ? STANDARDS WING ? LABORATORIES OF B STI ? CERTIFICATION MARKS WING ? METROLOGY ACTIVITIES ? ADMINISTRATION WING Laws governing the activities of BSTI ordinances: 1. The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Ordinance 37 0f 1985. 2. The Standards of Weights and Measures Ordinance XII of 1982. 3. The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (Amendment) Ordinance XI of 1988. 4. The Standards of Weights and Measures (Amendment) Act 2001. Regulations: |  |1.The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Employee Service Rules, 1989. | 2. The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Rules 1989. 3. The Standards of Weights and Measures Rules 1982. 4. The Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Employee (Pension Gratuity Rules 2002). The Functions of BSTI: .. (a) To set up Bangladesh Standards of quality and dimensions and prepare and promote the general adoption of standards on national and international basis relating to materials, commodities, structures, practices and operations and, from time to time, to withdraw, revise, alter and amend the same; . (b) To consider and recommend to the Government Bangladesh Standards for the measurement of length, weight mass, volume, and, energy; .. (c) To promote standardization, quality control, metrology and simplification in industry and commerce; .. (d) To secure compliance with the Bangladesh Standards adopted by the Institution by the producers and users; .. (e) To implement Bangladesh Standards through the administration of a national certification mark scheme or inspection of goods or both; . (t) To provide or arrange facilities for examination, testing and inspection of commodities, processes and practices for any investigation, research or promotion of export that may be necessary and to issue test reports; .. (g) To certify the quality of commodities, materials, produces, products and other things including food materials, whether for local consumption, export or import; .. h) To co ordinate the efforts of producers and users f or the improvement of materials, products, code of practice, appliances, processes and methods, so as to eliminate the national waste of material and time involved in the production of an unnecessary variety of patterns and sizes of articles for one and the same purpose; .. (i) To establish and publish, in such manner as may be prescribed, the Bangladesh Standard Specifications in relation to any article or process or code of practice; .. j) to recognize, adopt or endorse as a Bangladesh Standard, in such manner as may be prescribed, any standard established by any other Institution in Bangladesh or in any foreign country, or by international organizations in relation to any article or process; .. (k) To specify a Standard Mark to be called the Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Certification Mark which shall be of such design and contain such particulars as may be prescribed to represent a particular Bangladesh Standard; .. l) To grant, renew, reject, suspend or cancel, i n such manner as may be prescribed, a license for the use of Standard Mark; .. (m) To make such inspection and take such samples of any material or substance as may be necessary to see Whether any article or process in relation to which the Standard Mark has been used or proposed to be used conforms to the Bangladesh Standard or whether the Standard Mark has been improperly used in relation to any, article or process with or without license; .. n) To utilize with the permission of the owners, the services of laboratories other than those maintained by the Institution and approve such laboratories for the purpose of the Institution; .. (o) To make arrangements or provide for the facilities, for the testing and calibration of precision instruments, gauges and scientific apparatus and for the issue of certificates in regard thereto so as to make them comply with the required standards; .. (p) To undertake execution of any trust or any agency business which it may consider conducive to the attainment of, its objectives; . (q) To co operate with any person, association, or organization, outside Bangladesh having objectives, similar to those for which the Institution is established; and .. (r) To do all such acts and things ancillary, or incidental to any of the aforesaid, functions. STANDARDISATION IN BANGLADESH It has been more than two thousand years since the rulers of Bengal put stress in the Field of quality. But during the long years since then, development of Quality management used to be very slow.Activities on quality were limited before the 2nd world War. The history of quality management in this subcontinent dates back to pre independent days when the Indian standards Institution was established in pursuance of the British Indian Government resolution in 1946. After partition the Indian standards Institution with Headquarter in Delhi remained there. Pakistan felt the necessity of a standard organization and accordingly a division of standardization start ed working as a part of the Central testing laboratories.Since late 1950s the qualitymanagement work been progressing. The Central Testing laboratory (CTL) government department was established in Dhaka in 1956 to provide testing facilities to government, private industries, organizations and business community. On 3rd October 1958 the Pakistan Standards Institution was established as an autonomous body with it’s headquartered in Karachi. A branch Office of Pakistan standards Institution was set up in Dhaka in 1963. The status of this office was later raised to Regional Office.Another office was set up at Chittagong in the in the name of Certification Marks Inspectorate in the Year 1966. With the Liberation of our country as an independent and sovereign state the Regional office of the erstwhile Pakistan standards Institution started functioning as Bangladesh Standards Institution. INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES The bilateral and international relations of the Bangladesh standards testing institution with other countries and various foreign agencies are conducted maturing the BSTIs policies of relation with all organizations abroad.The Bangladesh standards institution is a full member of the international standardization organization (ISO) as such, is the only agency, authorized to represent Bangladesh in international standardization work. The participation to the international work is made either through physical presence in fora where the international standards are prepared in technical committee meetings or by examining and evaluation whether the proposed standard conforms to Bangladesh conditions reporting the finding to the concerned entity.The institution likewise maintains an active participation with the SAARC standing committee on standards, metrology, testing and quality. Chamber of commerce and industries disseminates information on the seminars and symposia organized by these organizations and BSTI ensures, whenever possible, the dispatch or de legations to these events. The BSTI maintains relations with BIPM, OIML, APMP, WTO, ITC, codex A. C. of FAO and other international and regional organization.Quality control and information experts have been brought to the institution, using opportunities offered by the UNDP, BSTI experts attend meeting, seminars and workshops arranged and sponsored by WTO, ITC, SIDA of Sweden, ISO, PRODEC of Finland, INBAR, APMP, CSC, PORIM etc. ROLE OF BSTI IN THE ECONOMY OF BANGLADESH: ACTIVITIES OF VARIOUS WINGS OF BSTI LABORATORIES OF BSTI The Laboratory service of the BSTI is provided by its central laboratories in Dhaka established in the year 1956 as well as in Chittagong and Khulna by two other regional labs.The central laboratories consists of three wings and 7 Divisions as . I. Electrical, Electronics and Engineering Laboratories. . 2. Civil, physical and Mechanical Engineering Laboratories. . 3. Textile Laboratories . 4. Chemical Laboratories. . 5. Food and Bacteriological Laboratories. . 6. Metrology Laboratories. . 7. Industrial ; Scientific Metrology Laboratories. The regional laboratories have electrical, chemical and building material section.The following services are provided in general at the BSTIs laboratories . Research work on the draft standards, formulation of opinions and transmittal of the same to applicants; . Study of existing Bangladesh Standards for determining their eventual shortcoming and faults and initiation of action for revisions or modification as the case may be; . In situ examination of the facilities of the companies applying for the use of BSTI Mark, inspection and tests of samples taken and preparation of the relevant report; Laboratory examinations serving as the bases for the issue of production qualification certificates for the facilities of industries covered by the BSTI Ordinance no XXXVII of 1985, conformity to Bangladesh Standards certificates (BSTI Mark) on products for which Bangladesh Standards are available and quali ty conformity certificates on those for which Bangladesh Standards are yet to be published, performance of appropriate inspections and tests on the sampled products and preparation of relevant reports; . Inspection and test of samples forwarded by public and private organizations and preparation of the reports therefore . Inspection and test of samples forwarded by the concerned Ministries, Departments of commodities to which standards apply and preparation of the test reports;. . Method and standard studies in areas where Bangladesh Standards are unavailable. These laboratories perform the following services in their respective areas of interest. PHYSICAL TESTING WING Electrical, Electronics and Engineering laboratories 1. Cable Tests: .In this Laboratory PVC Insulated Cables, Flexible Cord, Power Cable (up to 50kV), Super enameled, Copper Conductor, Transformer oil(Dielectric strength up to 100kV), UPS, IPS, voltage stabilizer etc. are tested here as per relevant BDS and Interna tional Standards. 2. Single phase AC Energy meter: . This subsection is in charge of the inspections and tests shown in the standards for sockets, fixtures, ballasts, bulbs, lamps, breakers, switches and other lighting components and enameled winding wires and reports the results of these inspections and tests as required by the applicable standards. . Lighting Equipment: . In this sub-section executes the tests of Socket, Switches, fixtures, Fluorescent lamp, Filament lamp, Ballast, Circuit breaker. 4. High Voltage: . With capability to perform all tests required are the relevant Standards up to 50 kV, this sub section is in charge of low and high voltage measurement of distribution transformer, Single phase motor. |Civil, Physical and Mechanical Engineering Laboratorie | | |Ceramic Tiles, Ceramic Table Ware, Washbasins, are inspected and tested at these laboratories. Connected components dealing with Bolts, Nuts, Wedges, Nail, Riv and others; Water Tanks, Door Locks, Hinges, Ste el Tubes, Valves, Fire Extinguishers, Concrete Cube/Cylinders and other similar product Testing of Bricks, Sand, Stone Chips, Cement laboratory dealing with the Cement, Aggregates Briquettes, Concrete Components, and M. S Rod Test of PVC Pipe, Ball Point Pen, Paper, Safety Match, G. P Sheet etc. Test of condoms; CHEMICAL TESTING WINGBSTI Chemical testing Laboratory service is provided by its Central Laboratory in Dhaka as will as by three regional Laboratories in Chittagong, Khulna and Rajshahi. BSTI Chemical Laboratories consist of tow divisions as 1. Chemical Laboratories 2. Food And Bacteriological Laboratories Chemical Laboratories have chemical Food sections. Generally the following services are provided in BSTI Chemical and Food Bacteriological Laboratories. 1. Chemical Laboratories The Chemical Laboratories are well equipped with modern instruments. The Chemical Laboratories provide Service support in -Wet Chemical analysis for analytical determination. Industrial analy sis of organic and inorganic and inorganic materials, Chemical Reagents. Analysis of petroleum and petroleum Products such as Fuel oil, Diesel oil, Lubricating oil and Mobil etc. Soap and Detergents, pulp Paper, Gum-Glue, Leather, Chemical Fertilizer etc. -Metal Testing facilities including Gold. 2. Food And Bacteriological Laboratories Analysis of Cereal Bakery products such as Wheat Wheat Products, Biscuits, Noodles, Instant Noodles, Lachsa Shemai, Chips Crackers, Chanachur, Toffee Lozenges etc. -Analysis of Processed Fruit Products and Fruit Drinks such as Pickle, Jan-Jelly, Sauce, Chutney, Soft Drinks, Milk Milk Products (Ice- cream, Butter) etc. -Bacteriological analysis such as Total plate count, Coliform count, E-coli, Yeast mould count, Pathogenic micro organism for Drinking and mineral water, Soft drink, Milk milk Products, sauce, Chutney, and other Food Cosmetics etc. METROLOGY WING Metrology Laboratories Metrology laboratories ensure the accuracy reliabilit y of measuring instruments. It conducts calibration activities to make sure that the mechanical and thermic measuring instruments and equipment use d industrial production and commercial are well calibrated.It can provide training to the manufacturers, repairers and users of weights, measures and weighing and measuring instruments. Industrial Scientific Metrology Laboratories BSTI has been maintaining reference, secondary and working standards of weights and measures. These standard equipment are being used for calibration and verification of weights, measures and weighting and measuring instruments those are being used in transaction of trade and commerce, Industrial and scientific measurement. CERTIFICATION MARKS WINGQuality Assurance And Certification: The certification mark is a mark attested that the product or service is in conformity with the specific standard. When once this attestation is done by a third party, who is not directly concerned with the sale or purchase of goo ds, the buyer procures the goods bearing the certification mark, with some degree of confidence. The existence of the standard mark on products, certified under this scheme, enables the consumers to distinguish a quality product from an untested/substandard product in the market.Legal basis: Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution (BSTI) operates the certification marks scheme, under which the manufacturers /importers are licensed to use the standard mark on goods produced / imported by them in conformity to the relevant Bangladesh Standard (BDS). This scheme is governed by the Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution Ordinance 1985 and the regulations made there under. The scheme covers Industrial products and agricultural produce and excludes drugs and pharmaceuticals (covered under drug Administration).To provide quick service to the applicants and licensees, BSTI operates through 5 regional branch offices, other than head office to take care of certification marks funct ion. Technical features: The Certification Marks scheme of BSTI incorporates following technical features (a) Initial type testing of products drawn at random from production line, in BSTI Laboratory or any other laboratory approved by BSTI, for conformity to requirements of relevant Bangladesh standard (BDS). (b) Quality audit of samples of certified products, drawn from licensees factory though testing in BSTI laboratory or any other laboratory pproved by BSTI periodically. (c) Quality audit of samples of certified products, drawn from the open market, through testing in BSTI laboratory or any other laboratory approved by BSTI. CONSUMERS PROTECTION The steps taken by the Institution during the period of a licence in operation are as follows: (a) Surprise inspections of the licensees factory are carried out periodically by the Institutions qualified inspecting officers and random samples are taken and tested in BSTI Laboratory. b) Products bearing the standard mark are collect ed by the surveillance team of the institution directly from the open market and tested in BSTI Laboratory. Representatives from the consumers association of Bangladesh (CAB) and the respective chamber of commerce and Industries help the surveillance team in performing its function. (c) Misuse of the Standard Mark by the unscrupulous manufacturer or dealer is punishable as per the provisions of the Ordinance, which provides for penalty and imprisonment to the offending party.Such activities of the unscrupulous manufacturers are brought to the notice of the consumers by different medias like TV, newspapers etc. (d) If the test reports of the sample collected from the market are found not in conformity with the relevant BDS a show cause notice is given to the producer. if the producer fails to reply the show cause notice or the reply of the show cause notice is found not satisfactory, the licence is cancelled and necessary action is taken. (e) Complaints on quality of certified prod ucts can be sent to the nearest branch office of the Institution.Such complaints are investigated including testing of the item in question and if deviations from the relevant Bangladesh Standard are found then necessary action is taken. Simultaneously. Causes for such failures are investigated and steps are taken with the licensee for necessary corrective action to avid recurrence of such deviation in the final product. PRODUCT LABELLING POLICY There is a Product Labelling Policy, 2006 in Bangladesh. At present manufacturers/Impoters labell their product at their own choice.To realise the importance of national product labelling standards, BSTI took initiative to formulate this Product Labelling Policy. Manufacturers name, full address and Country of origin has been incorporated in the product labelling for all products. In addition, Ingredients, Composition, Batch no. , Code no. , Expiry date/Use best before on and other information which are necessary has been incorporated in Che mical, Agriculture and Food products. The weights and measures will be expressed in System International Units.In the 16th Council Meeting of BSTI held on a 10 (ten) members committee headed by Additional Secretary, Ministry of Industries was constituted for the preparation of the final recommendation of the labelling policy. Later on, this committee finalized the product label classifications with the help of different organizations by taking their opinion / recommendations and finalized the Product Labelling Policy to protect the interest of manufacturers, suppliers, importers, exporters and consumers for Free Trade and fair competition. BSTI MOVES AHEADSince its   inception BSTI   has   come a long way. It is expanding, laboratories are   being  Ã‚   strengthened to upgrade at international level. At present BSTI is having 578 employees who will be further expanded. Offices outside Dhaka will also be strengthened for meaningful decentralization, so that the regional off ices can function as a mini BSTI. Realizing its importance the Government amended the existing bar that gave BSTI the required legal authority for quick enforcement and ensure consumers protection. The recent activities of BSTI have aroused enthusiasm among consumers.The Civil society, media and business community are taking interest in the day-to-day activities of BSTI. The Government is determined to make BSTI as an effective organization and extending all possible support to make it as an effective organization. Conclusion: Bangladesh is a developing country and the government is striving relentlessly to attain rapid economic development in the country. Many programs taken so far have been carried out successfully. Despite a lack of resources faced by the government, development programs in the key sectors have continued.At the same time, considering the importance of the private sector, an all-out support is being provided to initiates taken in this sector. As a result, a new ki nd of dynamism is under way in both the private and public sectors. In this backdrop, it is essential to examine various aspects of industrialization and its impacts on overall economic activities. From the above discussion, it is clear that BSTI has been playing an impotant and influencial role to the ecxonomy of Bangladesh. 1

Compare and Contrast Women of Today vs. Women of the 19th Century

Compare and Contrast Women of Today vs. Women of the 19th Century Free Online Research Papers Women have different definitions for what is and is not beautiful. During the 19th century, there weren’t a lot of different looks and styles to choose from. There were only a few styles and it seemed as if people felt that their style was all the only style. Beauty is not an easy thing to describe. Beauty is an idea. Beauty is something that someone is fond of. Beauty is something that the person finds to be pleasant to the eye. The most important concept about beauty is that it is in the eye of the beholder. There are over 6 billion people on this planet. Each person is unique; therefore, the term beautiful is going to have many different meanings. For instance, the Mona Lisa painting is considered to be a great work of art to some and to others it is simply a picture of an average looking women. This paper will discuss the 19th centurys version of beauty and compare and contrast it to today’s society’s view. The 19th century culture was very different than today. It seemed as if people were considered credible little education. People thought what researchers said about women, was the gospel. Men were considered superior to women. To keep this theory alive, men tried their best to find ways to keep women inferior to them. Sadly, the notion that women were lesser beings than men was widely practiced during the 19th century. Some men did not feel this way during that time, but many did. In contemporary society it is safe to say that women are different than they were in the 19th century. Change has occurred but maybe not for the better. People generally have mixed opinions when it comes to the progress of womens beauty over the years. In contemporary society, the notion of what makes women beautiful is also different. This is the typical thought process for women in our society today. Women feel as if beauty is only what is on the outside. Women become obsessed with their image and do everything they can to make it perfect. The sad thing is many women dont know when to stop. Most women who have one operation are more prone to do another. Some women get operations because they dont feel that they are beautiful. Women should feel beautiful the way they are. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder, and people will like you if you are a good person. It doesnt help that the media gives all the publicity to women who are extremely beautiful on the outside. Women have to become almost anorexic to get acting roles in films. Gwen Stefani was quoted saying, Yea, I look good. But I am always hungry. This shows that even women, who are models for everyone else, arent necessarily happy with the way they look. If looking good means that you cannot eat something you want, then maybe its not worth it. America is about freedom of choice. So why do so many women become prisoners of their own body? Women are taught that beauty or being beautiful will get them far in life. With that, sometimes women deem it necessary to go to great lengths to make sure their image is preserved. When women start starving themselves many bad things can arise. All of these traits can be acquired and are not healthy for a young womens health. Things have definitely changed since the 19th century. Some for the better, some for the worse. I cannot figure out which are better and which are the worst. Everyone always says change is good. However, when a woman goes to such extremes to stay â€Å"beautiful†, that is the worst. Research Papers on Compare and Contrast Women of Today vs. Women of the 19th CenturyThe Fifth HorsemanAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesResearch Process Part OneCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionTrailblazing by Eric AndersonCapital Punishment

Head Words

Head Words Head Words Head Words By Maeve Maddox English has several words that derive from caput, the Latin word for head. Here are just a few. The words cap, caparison, cape, and capuchin all trace their origin to a garment that was worn over the head. 1. cap Originally, the word referred to a hood. Unlike a hat, a cap does not have a brim. When a cap does not refer to something worn on a person’s head, it can mean something applied to the top of something. Bottles have caps, as do chimneys. 2. caparison A fancy covering for a horse is called a caparison. Medieval knights rode caparisoned horses in jousting tournaments. What’s the connection with head? The word comes from Medieval Latin caparo, which was a type of cape worn by old women; part of the cape covered the head. 3. cape Although now we think of a cape as fastening at the neck and hanging down around the shoulders, older capes included a part that covered the head, hence the name. 4. capuchin A Capuchin is a friar of the order of St. Francis. Capuchins got the name from the fact that they wore a cape called a capuchin; it included a hood. Capuchin monkeys are so-called because of black hair at the back of their heads; someone thought the patch of hair looks like a hood or cowl. 5. chaperon The Latin word caparo that gave us caparison also gives us our word chaperon. Originally the chaperon was a cap or hood worn by noblemen, but later it became a garment for women. I suppose that when the fashion was dropped by younger women, the older ones continued to wear them. In time chaperon came to mean an elderly woman who accompanies a young unmarried lady in public to protect her reputation. In current usage, a chaperon is any responsible person, man or woman, young or old, who accompanies younger people in a supervisory capacity. 6. per capita A legal term relating to inheritance, per capita is used generally to mean â€Å"on an individual basis†: The per capital GDP is a measure of the total output of a country that takes the gross domestic product (GDP) and divides it by the number of people in the country.   7. capital and Capitol As a noun, capital can mean â€Å"the head of a pillar or column,† or â€Å"the chief town in a region.† The first Capitol was the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on the Capitoline Hill in Rome. In general usage, the word could mean any citadel on the top of a hill. In American usage, â€Å"the Capitol† is the building occupied by the United States Congress in Washington D.C. Similar buildings occupied by state legislatures in the various states are also called Capitols. The state Capitol (building) is located in the state capital (city). As an adjective, capital means â€Å"very important.† In Roman law, â€Å"capital punishment† could be death, but it could also be exile and the loss of property and citizenship, things that made life worth living for a Roman. In current usage, a â€Å"capital offense† is a crime punishable by death. â€Å"Capital punishment† is â€Å"death by execution.† 8. capitate, decapitate, capitulate, chapter An adjective, capitate means â€Å"having a head.† In botany and zoology an organ or the long narrow part of an organ is said to be capitate if it has a distinct head-like knob at one end. Decapitate is a verb meaning to separate the head from the body. Chapter comes from the Latin word capitulum, â€Å"little head.† A chapter is the main division of a book. Capitulate looks as if it would have something to do with the Latin source of the word for capture, but it too is from caput. Agreements, including terms for a town’s surrender, were written out under headings. 9. capo, captain, chief, chef The leader of a branch of the Mafia is a capo, Italian for head. The Italian word comes from good old caput. A captain is the head of whatever group is being led. Both chief and chef also descend from caput; both words translate literally as head. In heraldry, the chief is the top of the shield. Among people, the chief occupies the head position. Chief entered English from French in the 14th century with the meaning head, as in leader; its cognate chef followed in the 19th century with the meaning, â€Å"head cook.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely?What to Do When Words Appear Twice in a RowWhat the Heck are "Peeps"?

ResultsBased Managment (MBAthesis) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ResultsBased Managment (MBAthesis) - Essay Example (Binnendijk, 2001, p.10) In addition, this information is also useful for the management in decision making. A large number of organisations have the following stages in their RBM programs: For successful implementation of results-based management in a development cooperation organisation, it is essential to smooth the progress of change in the organisation's culture. (Binnendijk, 2001, p.10) A culture that supports RBM should be introduced and brought in. The beliefs, moral values, mind-set and behaviours of the workforce should be aligned with the needs of results-based management to ensure successful implementation. For example, the staff should be encouraged to think and discuss results and outcomes rather than inputs. Changing an organisation's culture plays a very important role in the success of an RBM implementation. 1. I will do an extensive review of previous literature on the subject of results-based management. The focus will be on public administration sector, especially on development cooperation agencies. In this regard, websites of development 2.

Accord to the requirement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Accord to the requirement - Assignment Example These are like, â€Å"How many kids do you have?† and â€Å"Are you married’ A person silence in a business meeting discussion is acceptable in Japanese. This is a way of accepting the business deal. It means there is more troubling on my part as yet, though you need to take it. This way in the video the client failure to utter a word in five minutes during the business discussion meeting, implies its fine. Being silent in a conversation is not an issue in Japanese conversations. Then in the business meeting in Japanese context, one is not supposed ask personal questions like ‘Do you have kid or kids† or â€Å"Are you married†. This is only allowable in case you are acquainted to your business partner. From the previous discussion answers, it is clear that the difference between the Japanese behavioral communication and Japanese is where silence in business meeting in America means that the person is inadequate with the discussion with the counterpart. Additionally, asking private questions in America is normal part of any business conversation. On the other hand, the Japanese don’t entertain this in a business conversation. This is given that the business partners are not yet familiar with each other. The composition of Japanese teams as portrayed on the video is purely of Japan origin and most are female. On the contrary, the American team is composed or I presume from watching the video, people of different cultures and so of different origin. For the Japanese team, their reflection on the culture of organization is one. On the other hand, the American team got different reflections on their culture organization of the business they are representing. The use, of the first name in America is acceptable as a way of introducing oneself in a business meeting. On the other hand, this is not the case in the Japan where one is

Communication & leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Communication & leadership - Research Paper Example In the process of sharing information between two or more people a common understanding about a situation or an object occurs (Bateman & Snell, 2012, Chapter 9). Mutual understanding between the sender and the receiver of a message is the most important factor in the process of communication. Actually, people are involved in communication, because they want to reach common goals or mutual understanding. There is a need to simplify this process and make atmosphere of communication friendlier and full of trust. Within every organization there are a lot of barriers and pitfalls of communication. A real leader should be able to deal with difficulties and challenges and create a communication bridge among employees, CEOs, senior managers and managers. A concept of leadership has been considered in different researches and studies and various models of leadership, strategies et cetera have been considered many times. Still, a challenging concept of relation between effective leadership and communication still exists. A leader in the organization is the responsible person, which can bridge a communication gap between senders and receivers and encourage trust and understanding. There is a great importance to inspire employees to share their ideas openly and exert no negative influence on people within the organizations. A way to open thinking and generation of innovative ideas is a way to success for any organization. The modern business world is distinguished by a clear differentiation between definitions of leadership and management. Prof. Joseph Ross claims that a leader in the organization is a more influential person in his relations with employees in comparison with a manager, whose relations with people are based on authority (Maccoby, 2000). Vision about the future of the company is developed by the leader and managers take control over practical

Applied Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Applied Economics - Essay Example There is a positive correlation between the aggregate demand and the changes in monetary policy. 'If the government wants to increase the quantity or the supply of money in its economy then it undertakes an "expansionary monetary" policy and similarly if it wants to reduce the quantity of money in the economy it adapts a "contractionary monetary policy. (Case & Fair, 2002)"'3 This means that if the quantity of money increases in the economy then the aggregate demand shifts outwards or to the right, i.e. more output is demanded at the same price. Conversely, if the supply of money shrinks in the economy then the aggregate demand shifts inward or to the left as a result of a decrease in demand of output at all the various levels of price in the economy. Graphically it can be as follows: 'Case & Fair (2002) explain that when the quantity of money increases in the economy then the interest rates fall due to which the cost of carrying out planned investment decreases and therefore there is higher investment expenditure. This in turn increases the output at each price level and the opposite happens when the quantity of money decreases in the economy.'4 The government also demands the output in terms of goods and services. ... 'If the government wants to increase the quantity or the supply of money in its economy then it undertakes an "expansionary monetary" policy and similarly if it wants to reduce the quantity of money in the economy it adapts a "contractionary monetary policy. (Case & Fair, 2002)"'3 This means that if the quantity of money increases in the economy then the aggregate demand shifts outwards or to the right, i.e. more output is demanded at the same price. Conversely, if the supply of money shrinks in the economy then the aggregate demand shifts inward or to the left as a result of a decrease in demand of output at all the various levels of price in the economy. Graphically it can be as follows: 'Case & Fair (2002) explain that when the quantity of money increases in the economy then the interest rates fall due to which the cost of carrying out planned investment decreases and therefore there is higher investment expenditure. This in turn increases the output at each price level and the opposite happens when the quantity of money decreases in the economy.'4 Therefore, the changes in the AD can be summed up as follows according to the changes in the quantity of money: Increase in the supply of money - Aggregate Demand shifts to its 'right.' Decrease in the supply of money - Aggregate Demand shifts to its 'left.' 3. Fiscal Policy Fiscal policy includes two components: Government spending and expenditure. Changes in the taxation policy by the government. 3.1 Government spending and expenditure The government also demands the output in terms of goods and services. Therefore, a change in the government spending or purchases influences the aggregate demand. Government spending and

Critical Issues in Abandoned Information Systems Development Projects Essay

Critical Issues in Abandoned Information Systems Development Projects - Essay Example   Delegating these projects to lower-level managers or generic staff members would likely allow for IS projects to be mismanaged or certain issues to be overlooked. If the senior manager is unaware of what the project team is doing at all critical stages in the information systems project, there is likely to be poor communication between project team members and lack of focus on meeting specific deadlines for project stage completion. Lack of technical understanding about complex projects, also, can involve creating a project team with members who really are not capable of performing the necessary tasks to achieve the project goal. In many ways, this would seem to go hand-in-hand with lack of senior management oversight as when developing a project team there should be a well-coordinated effort to ensure that all members have the expertise necessary to understand project goals and also ensure they are implemented successfully. Again, as pointed out by Ewusi-Mensah, often failures in these projects are not recognized until they come to the crisis stage and the project costs have already escalated out of control. The conceptual nature of IS projects, additionally, poses problems for companies such as those described in the case study. For an organization such as Intrico Consortium, which was looking to create a rather unparalleled reservation system IS project, failure to create a solid outline of project stage expectations prior to selecting project team members and role responsibilities is likely what led to years of cost overruns and the other disputes involving senior-level management.

Judicial Decision Making Analysis Research Paper

Judicial Decision Making Analysis - Research Paper Example The West Virginia State School Board v Barnette is a case in point. The Supreme Court had ruled that states cannot compel students to salute the American flag. No punitive action whatsoever could be taken either against the students concerned or their parents/guardians. In fact, it was an overruling of an earlier decision in Minersville School District v Gobitis. â€Å"The very purpose of the Bill of Rights was to withdraw certain subjects from the vicissitudes of political controversy, to place them beyond the reach of majorities and officials† (as cited in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 319 U.S. 624, 1943). The court decreed that it was essential to keep such subjects outside the influence of majorities so that numerical strength by way of legislation would not trample the rights of minorities. Similarly, administrative orders and decisions were open to arbitrary interpretations on the part of officials. These were not all-encompassing and were rigidly e nforced. Such decisions always left people with grievances. Legal Subculture Every profession breeds its own culture within the over-arching culture of a place. While culture by itself is a relative term, a similar work atmosphere creates common conditions which lead to common aspirations and also a common world view. Hence, a legal subculture develops which comprises all those involved in the judicial process. These include legal practitioners, students of law and the administrative support personnel involved. A prolonged interaction with law makes even the seekers of justice imbibe the nuances of law. Such seekers are known to become comfortable with legal jargon, which is derisively known as ‘legalese’ in common parlance. Hence, the influence of legal subculture on those who practise it is even greater. There is a constant exchange of ideas between people of the same profession which is also the case here. What prompted the ruling in this case (or the overruling of t he Minersville case) is also the effect of the legal subculture to an extent. No decision can be taken in isolation. Human factors when coupled with people in a similar environment lead to such rulings. That the earlier decision had been overturned shows the influence of the public on the legal sub-culture in this case. The figure six-to-three for the ruling was not arrived at the spur of the moment. It was only due to deliberations among the various judges that resulted in this ruling. The sub-culture is primarily responsible for the exchange of ideas among the Justices in this context. It must also be remembered that the three dissensions are also due to the same sub-culture which allows divergent views to manifest and coexist with the majority views. Judicial Background The Gobitis case had had a profound influence over the Barnette case. It can be said that it was a curtain raiser to what unfolded three years later. There had been a review by the judges examining the Barnette ca se in the light of the previous ruling. The court ruled that compelling school children to salute the flag was unconstitutional.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Court found that such a salute was a form of utterance and was a means of communicating ideas  Ã¢â‚¬Å" (The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago, Kent College of Law). The compulsory flag salute was in violation of the First Amendment which

Critical Issues in Abandoned Information Systems Development Projects Essay

Critical Issues in Abandoned Information Systems Development Projects - Essay Example   Delegating these projects to lower-level managers or generic staff members would likely allow for IS projects to be mismanaged or certain issues to be overlooked. If the senior manager is unaware of what the project team is doing at all critical stages in the information systems project, there is likely to be poor communication between project team members and lack of focus on meeting specific deadlines for project stage completion. Lack of technical understanding about complex projects, also, can involve creating a project team with members who really are not capable of performing the necessary tasks to achieve the project goal. In many ways, this would seem to go hand-in-hand with lack of senior management oversight as when developing a project team there should be a well-coordinated effort to ensure that all members have the expertise necessary to understand project goals and also ensure they are implemented successfully. Again, as pointed out by Ewusi-Mensah, often failures in these projects are not recognized until they come to the crisis stage and the project costs have already escalated out of control. The conceptual nature of IS projects, additionally, poses problems for companies such as those described in the case study. For an organization such as Intrico Consortium, which was looking to create a rather unparalleled reservation system IS project, failure to create a solid outline of project stage expectations prior to selecting project team members and role responsibilities is likely what led to years of cost overruns and the other disputes involving senior-level management.

Tegan & Hrad cases Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tegan & Hrad cases - Case Study Example The second point is that Hrad Technika agreed to take the project on a fixed return basis, which means that Tegan had managed one of the fundamental risks of project management, which is cost. The third issue was Hrad Technika delivery record, which had been above par before the A/P project. These reasons gave Tegan strong reasons to feel safe with Hrad Technica. The other options, such as developing the system locally did not have such strong incentives as at the time of commissioning the project. There was the risk that the project would consume more time and resources compared to outsourcing it. The first trade off is that there is a serious risk that the company will developed biased plans. Being a participant on both sides of the bidding process gives the company undue advantage and makes it hard for it to develop an objective requirements analysis. The second tradeoff is that there would be loss of detail in the development of the requirements. This comes from the self-confidence the bidding company has that may make them feel some details are not necessary to include in the requirements analysis. In this case, it is evident that Hrad Technica underestimated the cost and the duration it would take to develop the project when it developed the requirements analysis. The third Risk is that the bidding company may end up fitting the requirements analysis to their capabilities. They will interpret the needs of the client company in light of their capabilities, and not necessarily in the context of the needs of the client company The final risk will be lack of ownership of the project by the client company. The clients company can disown any problems that accrue from the implementation of the project even if they are genuine simply because of heightened expectations that the company that developed the needs requirement understands their needs well enough. On the other hand, such an arrangement can end up in the development of

Trading Strategies Essay Example for Free

Trading Strategies Essay Gone are the days when purely the corporation’s fundamentals are being studied before someone invests in the stock market. The traditional way of studying corporations is to look at their earnings, assets, liabilities, etc. A fundamentally sound company is an ideal company to invest in. Today, the fundamentals of any company are still considered; in fact, most investors (especially the medium- to long-term traders) consider the fundamentals of a company as a prerequisite to any investment that they are going to execute. The fundamentals of a company tell an investor if his or her investment will be safe in the long run even if there would be minor bumps in the stock market (volatility of prices, for example). Investing in a company with sound fundamentals ensures the investor that any minor price fluctuations can be ignored as long as a long-term horizon is the perspective of the investor. Thus, even if the price of a certain stock drops, an investor would not easily pullout his or her investments because he or she believes in the company. In essence, he is an investor more than being a trader.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   But it is indeed correct that fundamentalists need market technicians. Technical analysis is about charts, trends, and market behavior or psychology. It is in this study that an ideal time to enter into an investment (or to sellout your shares) can be established scientifically. A classic example of how technical analysts may help an investor is by considering the case of the recent US subprime woes. Even fundamentally sound companies in the stock market are affected by this market decline. A fundamentalist, hence, the long-term investor, has a little concern on this because he know that the company he is investing on is safe and will rebound in the long run. However, a technical analysis of prices during this period would dictate that an investor should have sold his or her shares and buy back as soon as the market goes on the uptrend mode.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I agree that both fundamentalists and market technicians need each other for them to maximize their earning opportunities.

Jason Caminitis Its Like 1984 All Over Again :: Its Like 1984 All Over Again Essays

Jason Caminiti's It's Like 1984 All Over Again "Most people have written this book off as a good science fiction work." Says Jason Caminiti, writer of the 1984 critical essay, "It's Like 1984 All Over Again." What he refers to is the public's reaction to 1984, a novel discussing the government's involvement in personal affairs. Caminiti believes that the book holds truer to modern times than people believe. Although there may be no Ingsoc, telescreens, Newspeak, or even helicopters darting in and out of windows, the government still has their own wicked methods of controlling and monitoring American society. Modern technology has just helped accomplish this feat. Caminiti explains how everything acts as a monitoring tool, from the Internet to the Social Security System, and even ID cards for schools and college campuses. "Our government is taking steps towards this type of Orwellian society all the time." He realizes. Jason Caminiti is right. 1984 is not just some nondescript science fiction novel, but a reflect ion on life today. Before the criticism on Jason Caminiti's critical essay, "It's Like 1984 All Over Again" can be distributed, a few unclear terms must be defined. A telescreen is a technological advancement, allowing "Big Brother" to peer into the homes of those who have them (And in 1984, they are mandatory.) The telescreen watches, day and night, and can never be shut off, and can also communicate back. Big Brother is the elusive government in 1984, never seen, only heard of. The Ministry of Truth is the office where Winston, an Outer-Party member works. Ministry of Truth is an ironic title, for all that the Ministry of Truth does is lie to people, changing facts and hiding facts. That's not truth at all, but deceit instead. A prole is another term from 1984, and is short for "prolitariat" or "prolitarian". Proles are pleasure-seeking human beings, representing the lower class of society. The government rarely concerns themselves with prolish matters. Lastly, the V-Chip is not a term from 1984, but a modern day invention. Advocated by former United States president, Bill Clinton, the v-chip is supposed to be used by parents to help block out any questionable material on television.

Comapring Families in Song of Solomon, Narrative of Frederick Douglass and Push :: compare and contrast essay examples

Role of Extended Families in Song of Solomon, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass and Push      Ã‚   The readings presented by African American writers vary greatly in style, context, and story line, however there are some common themes presented throughout. Among these themes is an expansive shift from what is generally considered to be a traditional, nuclear family. Each work presents a view of family life that, forced by events, shows people attempting to build non-traditional, extended families in an effort to identify themselves, understand where they fit in socially, and know their place in the world.    It is important to clarify the definition of traditional and extended families in the context of minority populations. For the majority culture, a traditional family is thought to consist of the nuclear family (i.e. father, mother, and children). Minority groups tend to cast a wider net when defining members of their "families." The extended family is the norm in minority cultures, which consists of the nuclear family plus Aunts, Uncles, Cousins, and Grandparents. In the following works, each of the main characters are forced to go beyond what is considered the extended family structure to find what they need.    Song of Solomon is the only story presenting even a glimpse of what can be considered a majority traditional family. On the surface, the Dead family presents all the mechanics of a normal and functional family attempting to live out the American dream. The family unit is complete; there are no overt problems or missing pieces of the puzzle.    This image of a normal family quickly vanishes when we see how unhappy Milkman is within this family. He feels smothered; he lacks identity and direction for his life. His family does not provide what he needs most, a sense of where he belongs and fits in the world. In order to understand his own place and history he is forced to first leave his immediate family, then his extended family and finally begins his quest in search of unknown family members as a way of self-development.    This quest is beyond the normal strive that a son takes to become his own person rather than the son his father envisions. It is a quest to understand himself as a whole person, to know where he fits in the "big picture" rather than simply following the family's expectations. He does not feel complete until he has discovered where he came from.

Genetic Engineering Is the Key to a Better Future

In February 1997, Dolly, the first mammalian clone was born in Edinburgh, Scotland (Wilson, 2003, p104). With this achievement, the public starts to give attention towards the study of genetic engineering and recombinant of DNA. Since that successful achievement onwards, people, governments and organizations had been aroused by the genetic engineering issues. The consequences of this debate had been a public protest against the use of such experimental procedures – genetic engineering. The exploration of genetic engineering is just the beginning and this field of study should not be protested because it has a lot of advantages to improve the quality of life for all. The discovery of DNA was the very beginning of genetic engineering. Before that, what is genetic engineering? Genetic engineering is also known as genetic modification which is the human manipulation of organism’s genetic material in a way that does not occur under natural conditions. It involves the use of recombinant DNA techniques, but does not include traditional animal and plant breeding or mutagenesis. Besides that, it is also the use of various methods to manipulate the DNA (genetic material) of cells to change hereditary traits or produce biological products. The techniques include the use of hybridomas (hybrids of rapidly multiplying cancer cells and of cells that make a desired antibody) to make monoclonal antibodies; gene splicing or recombinant DNA, in which the DNA of a desired gene is inserted into the DNA of a bacterium, which then reproduces itself, yielding more of the desired gene; and polymerase chain reaction, which makes perfect copies of DNA fragments and is used in DNA fingerprinting (Arora, 2007). This new technology of genetic engineering dates back to the 1950’s. In 1951 three scientists, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, and James Dewey Watson, were credited with the discovery of DNA (Wilson, 2003, p1 & p11). Later, they were presented the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine in 1962 (Lewin, 1984). DNA is also known as deoxyribonucleic acid and it carries a living organism’s genetic code. The discovery of DNA was the very beginning of genetic engineering. Later they were presented the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine in 1962. In 1972 Paul Berg created the first recombinant DNA molecules by combined DNA from the monkey virus SV40 with that of the lambda virus. The first genetic engineering company, Genentech, was founded by Herbert Boyer and Robert Swanson in 1976. Genetic engineering could be used to enhance people’s lives by its application to plants and animals used for food (Wilson, 2003, p115). Genetic engineering should be allowed to progress because of the potential benefits for the human species. For example, it will be possible for cows to will be genetically engineered to produce pharmaceuticals in their milk. This means that vaccination shots and pills would become obsolete. Babies could be brought up immune to diseases by simply being fed this milk. Imagine the impact on the quality of life for people who live in third world countries like Somalia. Countries could be made healthy and immune to disease. Malnutrition, a common problem in many third world countries â€Å"where impoverished people rely on a single crop such as rice for the main staple of their diet† (Whitman, 2000), could also possibly be cured with genetic engineering. Rice does not provide all of the nutrients that the body needs in third world countries and other food is very scarce. If rice or bread, another major staple, is genetically engineered to contain additional necessary vitamins and minerals then we could go a long way towards wiping out malnutrition all over the world. In addition, farmers who breed plants and animals specifically can be engineered to produce more meat or fruit, faster and easier than normal, then food would become cheaper and more plentiful. Furthermore, better tasting and more nutritious foods, fruits and vegetables with desired qualities can be produced. The area that stands to benefit the most from genetic engineering is medicine. Organ transplants and cosmetic procedures, like silicone breast implants, that may cause disease would soon cease to exist. Instead of using materials foreign to the body for such procedures, doctors will be able to manufacture bone, fat, connective tissue, or cartilage that match the patient's tissues exactly, thus ensuring that the needed tissue will be free of rejection by their immune system. Victims of terrible accidents who deform the face and body would be able to have their features repaired with new and safer technology. Limbs for amputees would be regenerated and anyone would be able to have their appearance altered to their satisfaction without the risk of leaking silicone gel into their bodies, or the other problems that occur with present day plastic surgery. Because genetic engineering will insure acceptance by the body, those in desperate need of organ and other transplants will one-day have their prayers answered by cloning. Using one's own cells to grow whole organs will eliminate the need for organ donors and waiting lists. Skin, brain cells, hearts, lungs, livers, and kidneys could all be produced. Those who suffer from spinal injuries, like Christopher Reeve, might one day be able to get out of their wheelchairs and walk again. Genetic engineering also has the power to cure infertility, which a painful reality that many couples throughout the world face. â€Å"The current options for infertile couples are inefficient, painful, expensive, and heart breaking† (Human Cloning Foundation). Many couples run out of time and money without successfully having children. According to the Human Cloning Foundation, less than 10 percent of the current infertility treatments are successful. Genetic engineering could make it possible for many more infertile couples to have children than ever before by boosting success rates through nuclear transfer of sperm from the father into the mother's egg, thus creating a beautiful unique child. The exploration of genetic engineering is just the beginning but most of the society is totally against this field of study. Most of them states that genetic engineering is not part of the natural order of things. The concept that society needs to understand is that with the right amount of time and money, genetic engineering will help to reduce diseases and save many lives. Many people do not realize that genetic engineering plays a vital role in many lives throughout the world. Genetic engineering includes artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization, sperm banks, cloning, and gene manipulation (Goetz, 1990). Synthetic insulin is now available for use to treat diabetes. This man made insulin has many positive aspects, which include its life span, the cost to manufacture it and the amount that is available. The synthetic insulin lasts for two to three times longer than its natural form and costs substantially less to manufacture than to extract it from an animal. One other benefit is the amount that can be manufactured. In animals, the scientists need to wait for it to mature to extract the insulin. The synthetic source is completely man made and any amount can be manufactured in large quantities. The replication of insulin is not the only way biotechnology is being utilized. Today, people receive synthetic hormones that their body cannot produce such as growth hormones, thyroid, estrogen, and testosterone. Vaccines are also another form of genetic engineering that has been used for many years. Vaccines already protect against disease to a certain extent, but for a virus like HIV, it is too risky to inject somebody with a vaccine. The reason for this is because a vaccine is a solution that contains a dead or weakened virus that has been synthetically prepared. Further work on a HIV vaccine could save many lives and possibly eliminate the disease. With the technology genetic engineering, this biotechnology makes it possible for more people to live. Other than insulin, plants are also being genetically engineered. This type of genetic engineering is more commonly accepted, but why? It is no different for a plant to be able to fight off pests then it is for a human to be able to fight off diseases. This is a contradiction, because society is saying that it is all right for a plant to be genetically engineered but not a human. Besides part of the natural order of things, people do question about the moral aspects. The moral question of genetic engineering is answered by looking at the advances in medicine. Today the advancements in medicine are evolving at high rate. If the science of genetic engineering is wrong, then so are the rest of the advances in medicine. The reason is because genetic engineering is just another form of medical advancement. Gene manipulation is not going to be used for any other purpose except for the treatment and elimination of disease. The one thing that people need to realize is the potential of genetic engineering. Try to visualize what parents of a child is dying from a disease like multiple sclerosis think about the benefits of genetic engineering. Do they think that it is morally wrong or right? They think that it is right because it is going to save their child’s life. Cloning is another form of genetic engineering that is not accepted as morally right. According to Gunter Kahl (2009), â€Å"Clone is a group of genetically identical cells or organisms originating from one single ancestral cell or organism. The term ‘Clone’ originates from Greek word ‘Klon’, which means ‘twig’ †. For example, to clone a human heart, scientist does not have to clone the whole person. They only need to clone the heart by itself. There would be no purpose in cloning a person, because it offers science little or no benefits. If somebody is cloned, it does not mean it will be the same person in every way. It only means that their genetic makeup will be exactly alike. The environment in which they grow up plays a major role in the development of the person’s personality. Safety of genetic engineering is also something that presents as a concern. Today the Federal and State Governments set many limitations on biotechnological industries. The FDA and State Governments impose limits such as the illegalization of human cloning and limits on other genetic engineering processes. The only legal forms of genetic engineering that are used today are in vitro fertilization, artificial insemination, and sperm banks. Another form of genetic engineering is the use of gene therapy. Gene therapy is illegal because people should not be able to create the perfect child, but they should be able to correct a gene in a child if it has a chance of being born with Down syndrome. The safety precautions are the effect in order to save the lives of unborn babies. Gene therapy cannot be used on humans until it is perfected and when there is not even little or no chance of failure. These sciences are not perfect but giving it a few years to improve it then it will be a great benefit to the human race. Cloning is also related to the safety issue in genetic engineering. In terms cloning, it is not safe to clone a human. It took 277 trials to successfully clone Dolly the sheep. This should not stop scientists from trying to clone organs that could save many lives. Currently three states banned the cloning of humans. Among the states are Michigan, Rhode Island, and California. The state banns will stay in effect for five years in California and Rhode Island. In the state of Michigan, if convicted of attempting or cloning a human there is a number of penalties, including a ten-year prison sentence. With this amount of time, the scientists will have perfected the process of cloning and it will be accepted more than it is now. The safety regulations of cloning only extend to human cloning at the present time. This is due to the fact that cloning is not perfect and some abnormalities and failures may have come about in this new technology. Society cannot expect to be perfect the first time it does something, but merely get better as they practice. The more tests that are done on bacteria, plants, and organisms the more effective genetic engineering will benefit human life in the future. Scientists are also able to detect abnormalities in the cloned organism before it has even started to develop. By monitoring the DNA of the organism, scientists can decide if the clone will be able to further develop. If it is not able to then the process can be terminated. With all the benefits mentioned earlier, genetic engineering does bring a lot of advantages for all. However, most people throughout the world still feel that the issue of genetic engineering is unethical (Wilson, 2003, p133). Even though genetic engineering is a new aspect of our technological research, it should, at all costs, be allowed to develop further. The possible benefits from genetic engineering are endless. Genetic engineering, then, is a tool that humans can use to cure many of their problems. The possibilities are endless if only we do not let ourselves be restricted by those who are afraid of the unknown. The people of the world should ease up on holding back the evolution of science and realize its possibilities for future generations.